![]() ![]() These developments followed two distinct pathways. Several major pulping processes were gradually developed that relieved the paper industry of dependency upon cotton and linen rags and made modern large-scale production possible. In 1800 a book was published that launched development of practical methods for manufacturing paper from wood pulp and other vegetable pulps. It was evident that a process for utilizing a more abundant material was needed. Paper mills were increasingly plagued by shortages in the 18th century they even advertised and solicited publicly for rags. Through the 18th century the papermaking process remained essentially unchanged, with linen and cotton rags furnishing the basic raw materials. The invention of printing in the 1450s brought a vastly increased demand for paper. In its slow travel westward, the art of papermaking reached Samarkand, in Central Asia, in 751 and in 793 the first paper was made in Baghdad during the time of Hārūn ar-Rashīd, with the golden age of Islāmic culture that brought papermaking to the frontiers of Europe.īy the 14th century a number of paper mills existed in Europe, particularly in Spain, Italy, France, and Germany. Papermaking can be traced to about ad 105, when Ts’ai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court of China, created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. The papermaking process Historical development Papyrus was the most widely used writing material in ancient times, and many papyrus records still survive. Complete defibring, an indispensable element in modern papermaking, did not occur in the preparation of papyrus sheets. Upon drying, the gluelike sap of the plant, acting as an adhesive, cemented the layers together. The sheet so formed was dampened and pressed. In ancient times, the fibrous layers within the stem of this plant were removed, placed side by side, and crossed at right angles with another set of layers similarly arranged. The word paper is derived from the name of the reedy plant papyrus, which grows abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. Learn in depth the process of how paper products are produced and recycled See all videos for this article SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! ![]() Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more. ![]()
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